Seminars

Two new scenarios for quantum friction: chiral media and rotating molecules

In the first scenario, we study the quantum friction experienced by a polarizable charged particle moving with parallel motion to a chiral medium-vacuum interface. We employ macroscopic quantum electrodynamics ^1,2 to obtain the Casimir–Polder frequency shift and decay rate. These results are a generalization of the respective quantities to matter being insensitive to parity². By examining the non-retarded and retarded limits we find that the an effective optical rotatory strength is relevant for a non-vanishing frequency shift and decay rate. For the second scenario, we investigate the rotational motion of diatomic molecules in free space interacting with the quantum electromagnetic field³. Using macroscopic quantum electrodynamics² we obtain the rotation-dependent decay rates of the molecule. By analyzing the behavior of the resulting rates at zero and finite temperature, we find a connection between the decelerating rotational dynamics and quantum friction.

¹ Stefan Yoshi Buhmann, David T. Butcher and Stefan Scheel. New Journal of Physics 14, 083034 (2012).
² S. Y. Buhmann. Dispersion Forces II. Many-Body Effects, Excited Atoms, Finite Temperature and Quantum Friction. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2012).
³ Stefan Yoshi Buhmann, M. R. Tarbutt, Stefan Scheel, and E. A. Hinds, Phys. Rev. A 78, 052901 (2008).

Non-stationary quantum many-body dynamics

Rydberg atoms in the vicinity of an optical nanofiber

Connecting atomic quantum registers via photonic channels into a quantum network is a promising way to achieve scalability, one of the crucial challenges in quantum technologies. Free-space scenarios considered so far are relatively easy to implement but suffer the drawback of strong losses. Optical nanowaveguides constitute an interesting alternative which offer strong transverse confinement of the field and hence strong coupling to atomic nodes in their vicinity. In particular optical nanofibers (ONFs) received much attention within the past two decades.

On the other hand, within the past two decades, the giant van der Waals interactions between Rydberg atoms and the associated blockade phenomenon have been key in many quantum information proposals, including atomic quantum registers and repeaters. In free-space, the energy shifts induced by the van der Waals interaction between two atoms prepared in levels of principal quantum numbers n > 50 and a few µm apart can be of the order of tens of GHz and effectively forbid their simultaneous resonant laser excitation. This blockade mechanism was employed to generate entanglement and perform gates in systems of individual atoms and atomic ensembles.

In this seminar, I shall present the theoretical results my collaborators and I obtained on the spontaneous emission and van der Waals interaction of rubidium atoms in the vicinity of a silica ONF [1,2] in view of building a Rydberg-atom-ONF interface. In particular, on the specific cases of S and P states, I shall analyze how the presence of the nanofiber and the symmetry breaking it induces modify the blockade and the anisotropy of the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction.

References

[1] E. Stourm, M. Lepers, J. Robert, S. Nic Chormaic, K. Mølmer, E. Brion, Spontaneous emission and energy shifts of a Rydberg rubidium atom close to an optical nanofiber, Phys. Rev. A 101, 052508 (2020).
[2] E. Stourm, M. Lepers, J. Robert, S. Nic Chormaic, K. Mølmer, E. Brion, Interaction of two Rydberg atoms in the vicinity of an optical nanofibre, New J. Phys. 25, 023022 (2023)

Quantum-Noise Reduction to improve Gravitational-Wave Detectors

Detection of gravitational waves by the Virgo detector requires exquisite control of all noise sources. In particular, a world-leading short-term frequency stability of the laser circulating in the interferometer on the mHz range is required for Virgo’s performance target [1].

The CALVA experiment at IJCLab is designed to study quantum states of light to improve Virgo’s performance. In particular, we are testing a method based on a Fabry-Perot cavity (filter cavity) for producing frequency-dependent squeezed states of light, which hold great promise for the future of gravitational-wave detectors [2]. This test requires excellent control of the laser frequency, at a level that would be compatible with Virgo’s performance. For this, we will use the ultra-stable frequency reference from the research infrastructure REFIMEVE, of which IJCLab is a member, and which is already available in the laboratory [3]. Because our laser has a different wavelength from the REFIMEVE signal (1064 nm vs. 1542 nm), an optical frequency comb is needed to transfer the stability of the ultra-stable signal to our laser.

The recent acquisition of an optical frequency comb by our team will enable a stability in the Hz range, improving our current stability by 3 orders of magnitude. This will help keep the CALVA experiment suitable for upcoming generations of gravitational-wave detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope project, not only in terms of performance, but also in terms of adaptability of the operating wavelength.

[1] F. Bondu, P. Fritschel, C. N. Man, and A. Brillet, Opt. Lett. 21, 582-584 (1996).
[2] C. M. Caves, Phys. Rev. D, 23:1693-1708 (1981).
[3] E. Cantin, M. Tønnes, R. L. Targat, A. Amy-Klein, O. Lopez, et P.-E. Pottie, New J. Phys. 23 (2021)

Effet Casimir Dynamique avec des atomes: de l’émission de paires de photons à une phase Sagnac quantique

L’interaction entre la matière et le champ électromagnétique quantique est particulièrement intrigante lorsque les effets de mouvement entrent en jeu. L’effet Casimir dynamique (ECD) est généralement considéré dans une approche macroscopique basée sur les conditions aux limites [1] pour le champ quantique. À un niveau microscopique plus fondamental, l’ECD peut être décrit à l’échelle atomique à l’aide de modèles hamiltoniens d’optique quantique pour le couplage atome-champ. Une observation expérimentale d’un analogue de l’ECD a été rapportée avec des supraconducteurs. Néanmoins, une mesure directe du rayonnement ECD produit par des corps en mouvement reste hors de portée car ce rayonnement est extrêmement faible dans des conditions expérimentales réalistes. Une voie alternative consiste à suivre des signatures indirectes d’aspects analogues à l’ECD dans les interféromètres atomiques, produites par le mouvement relatif entre l’atome et une surface conductrice. Dans cette présentation, nous présentons une théorie microscopique de l’effet Casimir dynamique [2,3], et utilisons ce formalisme pour prédire des effets analogues à l’ECD dans les interféromètres atomiques [4,5]. Notre approche révèle des connexions entre des aspects non triviaux de la physique moderne tels que la retardation électrodynamique, les phases géométriques, la non-localité et les effets non-inertiels.

La diffraction d’atomes rapides au dessus d’une surface cristalline

Découverte, il y a presque vingt ans la diffraction d’atomes légers entre 200 eV et 5 keV au dessus d’une surface trouve des applications pour le suivie de la croissance directement en bâti d’épitaxie ou elle permet un diagnostique fin du mode de croissance et de la topologie/reconstruction de la dernière couche. Je présenterai les évolutions récentes sur les processus inélastiques et les mesures des forces attractives vers la surface.

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Diffraction of fast atoms above a crystalline surface.

Discovered almost twenty years ago, the diffraction of light atoms between 200 eV and 5 keV above a surface is finding applications in the monitoring of growth directly in the epitaxial frame, where it enables fine diagnosis of the growth mode and the topology/reconstruction of the last layer. I will present recent developments in inelastic processes and measurements of attractive forces towards the surface.